What Is the Black Soot on My Plant's Leaves?
Why Did My Gardenia's Leaves Turn Black?
Gardenias are my favorite flowering shrub. They make an excellent accent plant for your home. I always plant my gardenias near a window or door so I can enjoy the fragrant flowers even while I am inside.
Gardenia flowers exude an aroma fit for the gods - in my opinion their scent is sweeter than the most fragrant rose.
Gardenias have glossy, dark evergreen leaves which make a beautiful backdrop to their flowers. So the first time I saw my gardenia's leaves covered with a sooty film, I panicked. I didn't want to lose my beautiful gardenia plants!
With a little research, I discovered the "soot" wasn't lethal, just unattractive.
If you have a white powdery mold growing on your plants read: Organic Control of Powdery Mildew.
What Was the Black Soot on My Gardenias?
The sooty substance is actually called sooty mold, and it is a fungus that is spread by insects. It is an unattractive nuisance, but in itself it is rarely lethal.
According to the Cooperative Extension Service of Hawaii, the most common sooty molds are Cladosporium, Aureobasidium, Antennariella, Limacinula, Scorias, andCapnodium.
Sooty mold is easily differentiated from other diseases by the ease with which it wipes off. It does not actually penetrate the leaf's surface, so no damage is done to the structure of the plant. The fungus will interfere with the plant's photosynthesis process, so a severe infestation will weaken a plant considerably.
Plants That Are Susceptible to Sooty Mold
Crape myrtle
| Apple and Crabapple
| Viburnum
|
Pear
| Fir
| Citrus trees
|
Hawthorn
| Buckthorn
| Oak
|
Pecan
| Privet
| Linden
|
Tulip tree
| Ligustrum
| Arborvitae
|
Dogwood
| Juniper
| Mountain Ash
|
Magnolia
| Maple
| Walnut
|
Gardenia
| Holly
| Sassafras
|
Beech
| Azalea
| Rhododendron
|
Which Insects Spread Sooty Mold?
Sooty mold feeds upon the "leavings" of insects, mostly whiteflies, aphids, scales and mealybugs, which feed on the sap of plants. While feeding on a plants sap, the insects will excrete a substance called honeydew. A heavy insect infestation will cause all of a plant's leaves to be coated with honeydew. A heavily infested tree will drop the sticky substance down onto lower plants.
The fungi start feeding on the honeydew and it quickly spreads to surrounding leaves, stems and plants. Like most fungi, sooty mold spores are always present in the environment, and they are easily spread by wind, water and contact. The best solution to the mold is prevention and insect control.
Did you know sooty mold was caused by insects leaving honey dew on plants?
Identifying the Pests
To rid your plants of sooty mold, you need to control the insects which are producing the sugary honeydew that the fungus feeds on.
Insecticides are useful for controlling insect populations, but first you must identify which insects are feeding on your plants.
Whiteflies
The adult whitefly is 1/32" long with white wings. It feeds on the underside of leaves. The eggs will be laid on the underside of leaves, usually in small groups.
Aphids
Aphids are approximately one-tenth of an inch long and have two long antenna. They may be grey, brown, green or black.
Scales
Scales are small insects that have a protective waxy coating covering their bodies. They are approximately 5 mm long, and are usually brown or tan in coloring.
Mealybugs
The mealybugs you see on plants are the females. They are one-tenth of an inch long, and are surrounded by a cottony substance which they deposit on the leaves and stems of plants.
How to Kill the Pests Which Cause Sooty Mold
There are quite a variety of insecticides available to control the insects munching on your plants. I prefer to not use a broad-based insecticide; I want to kill the pests, not the beneficial insects.
- I have had success making a solution of soapy water and spraying my plants every few days.
- I use two big squirts of dish soap to one gallon of water in a one-gallon sprayer.
- It is important to douse every inch of the plant, paying special attention to the underside of leaves.
For Whitefly and Aphid Control, Try Products Containing Neem Oil or Paraffinic Oil
Neem Oil
- Bonide Safer
- BioNeem®Green Light Neem®
- Green Light Rose Defense®
- Southern Ag Triple Action Neem Oil®
Paraffinic Oil
- Bonide All Seasons Horticultural and Dormant Spray Oil®
- SunSpray Horticultural Oil®
For Scales and Mealybugs Try Products Containing Either Fish Oil or Horticultural Oil
Fish oil
- Organocide®
Horticultural oil
- Volvk®
What Should You Do About the Sooty Mold?
While there are fungicides available to kill the mold, I have never found it necessary to use one. Once the bugs are gone, the food source for the sooty mold is also eliminated. The fungus will slowly starve to death.
As to the residual mold, spraying my plants with the soapy water washes most of the mold off. If there is still quite a bit of sooty mold left, I use a garden hose with an adjustable spray nozzle to finish the job.
An interesting note about ants and sooty mold:
Ants love to feed on honeydew! They will protect the honeydew producing pests from their natural predators such as ladybugs.
If you see ants crawling on your plants, you may have honeydew producing pests starting to feed on your plant's leaves. If you rid your plant of the ants, you may allow the natural predators to come in a wipe out your pest population.
- Sooty Mold Management Guidelines--UC IPM
UC home and landscape guidelines for control of Sooty Mold.
This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional.
